Source: Monad docs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Optimistic Parallel Execution<\/b><\/h3>\n Monad leverages optimistic parallelism to process multiple transactions at once, provided they don\u2019t conflict. A static code analyzer identifies non-overlapping transactions and runs them in parallel. If conflicts are found, Monad re-executes only the affected parts. This The The system preserves full bytecode-level EVM compatibility, ensuring that existing Ethereum smart contracts can run without any changes. Developers benefit from high throughput and low latency without having to rewrite apps\u2014accelerating adoption.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nSource: Prof. Lois Hawkes, FSU<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
MonadDb: The Purpose-Built State Database<\/b><\/h3>\n MonadDB is a custom state database designed specifically for the Ethereum data model. It uses SSD-optimized storage for the Merkle Patricia Trie and enables parallel access to blockchain state. This significantly reduces RAM requirements, allowing validators to operate on more affordable hardware, promoting decentralization. By removing reliance on expensive, memory-heavy setups, Monad lowers infrastructure costs for both validators and dApp developers\u2014making the chain more accessible for a broader range of participants.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nLocal Mempools<\/b><\/h3>\n Instead of a global mempool, Monad uses validator-specific local mempools. RPC forwards transactions directly to upcoming leaders, enhancing propagation speed and minimising bandwidth usage. This design also reduces the visibility of pending transactions, making front-running and sandwich attacks much harder. For users, the result means better execution and less slippage; for developers, it creates a more secure and predictable environment\u2014especially critical for complex DeFi protocols.<\/span><\/p>\nThe EVM Bottleneck and Monad\u2019s Innovative Solution<\/b><\/h3>\n The traditional EVM-based blockchains, such as Ethereum and BNB Chain, process transactions sequentially, even when these transactions are entirely independent of one another. This straight-line way of processing transactions doesn\u2019t make full use of today\u2019s powerful multi-core processors, causing a major slowdown in how many transactions can be handled, no matter how much the agreement methods improve. For instance, Ethereum typically processes only about 10 to 30 TPS. This limitation leads to network congestion and high transaction fees during periods of peak demand.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nMonad\u2019s approach to overcoming these limitations is fundamentally different. Instead of relying on Layer 2 solutions to offload transaction processing, Monad aims to optimize performance directly at the base layer (Layer 1). This design choice allows Monad to achieve high scalability natively within a single, monolithic architecture, all while preserving full EVM compatibility. This architectural decision represents a direct challenge to the prevailing Ethereum scaling roadmap, which heavily emphasizes L2s. If Monad successfully delivers on its promises, it could attract developers who prefer a simpler, unified environment over the complexities associated with L2s, such as bridging assets and managing fragmented liquidity. This could cause many developers to prefer building applications that need high performance directly on a Layer 1 blockchain instead of using L2s, giving Monad a big edge over its competitors.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\nFor more: Monad Airdrop Guide: the Easiest Way to Unlock your Rewards<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nMonad Performance Benchmarks and Real-World Impact<\/b><\/h2>\nMonad Protocol\u2019s design aims to deliver a step-change in blockchain performance, enabling new categories of decentralized applications.<\/span><\/p>\nUnprecedented Throughput and Rapid Finality<\/b><\/h3>\n Monad targets a throughput of 10,000 Transactions Per Second (TPS) with an impressive finality of approximately 1 second. Some reports even indicate a target of 100,000 TPS and a reported 70,000 TPS in production as of January 2025, following its mainnet launch in late 2024. Block times are designed to be around 0.5 seconds.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nThis performance represents a substantial improvement over Ethereum, which typically handles 15-30 TPS with multi-minute finality. Monad\u2019s architecture is engineered to scale significantly beyond the capabilities of Ethereum Layer 1 or typical rollup solutions. These high TPS rates and rapid finality are not merely incremental enhancements; they are foundational for enabling \u201chigh-fidelity DeFi, DePIN, and payment applications that previously might only exist on platforms like Solana.\u201d This includes supporting real-time order books for decentralized exchanges (DEXs) that can rival centralized counterparts, facilitating high-frequency trading (HFT) directly on-chain, and powering demanding GameFi applications. This improvement solves a big problem with current EVM chains, creating new opportunities for decentralised applications that need quick and constant interactions, which in turn increases the usefulness and potential market for decentralised solutions.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
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